The Practical Garden

German botanical magazine

hand-coloured engravings

Cyamus nelumbo

(Egyptian Bean Lily)

Aloe picta

(Spotted-leaved Aloe)

Justicia coccinea

(Cardinals Guard)

Pflaume mit gef�llter Bl�the

(Plum blossom)

Die Arakatscha

(similar to potato, native to the mountains of Colombia and Ecuador)

Der rothe Klapper-Apfel

(variety of red apple)

Neue Erfindung mehrerer Ger�thschaften zur 

Wartung der Pflanzen in den botanischen G�rten

(New garden maintenance inventions..

Portable glass-house and wire lattice)

Pfirsche mit gef�llter Bl�th

Peach & peach flowers

Protea ochroleuca

(native to South Africa)

Cobbea scandens

'Cup and Saucer' vine or 'Cathedral Bells', native to Mexico

Erythrina crista galli

Commonly known in English as the Cockspur Coral Tree, 

the Ceibo (in Spanish) is the national plant of Argentina.

Rochea falcata

South African succulent^, commonly known as the Airplane or Propeller plant

Amarelle mit gef�llter Bl�te

Fruit, flowers and leaves from the sour cherry tree

Der graue Junker Hanns. (Messire Jean-gris.)

Variety of pear

Plan eines gro?sen Kinder-Gartens

(plans for a large children's garden)

New garden maintenance inventions..

including swings, flower beds, gardener's 

house, bird-feeder, lawn for gatherings and 

ball games, cow shed, monuments &c

'Allgemeines teutsches Garten-Magazin oder gemeinn�tzige Beitr�ge f�r alle Theile des praktischen Gartenwesens' 1809, is online at Lower Saxony Heritage (Kulturerbe Niedersachsen) under the auspices of Gottingen State and University Library. The title roughly translates as: 'General German Garden Magazine or Useful Articles about all Disciplines of Practical Gardening'.

The magazine was issued regularly during the early part of the 19th century. It was one of the first periodicals to include coloured plates and advice on garden maintenance. It seems that these magazine issues were in fact compilations sourced from a variety of contemporary gardening and botanical-related accounts, pamphlets and (more obvious to me) botany books. At least a few of the illustrations are copied from, or modelled after, original sketches by the eminent British naturalist/illustrator, James Sowerby (eg.). So, this magazine compilation is more like the gardening Reader's Digest of its day, than a completely original publication. But perhaps that's a little unkind; it was ground breaking in its own way.

The written text dominates these 'general garden magazines'. Microfiche(?) or photocopy scans of the writing from the magazines can be seen here (compiled as yearly collections): this is within the Digital Garden Collection (newspapers, periodicals, company catalogues) of the German Horticultural Association, hosted by TU Berlin Universit�tsbibliothek.

• Previously: flora.
• Thanks Maren!
• This post first appeared on the BibliOdyssey website.

Locomotive Lithographs

Mid-1800s Locomotive Builders' Prints 

from The Boston Athen�um*

Twenty Four Ton Passenger Engine, 
'Gen. Stark', 
delineated by Chas F Thomas 
of Taunton Mass.

McKay & Aldus Iron Works, East Boston, Mass. 

Manufacture Locomotive Engines & Tenders, 

Marine Engines, Iron & Wooden Steam Ships, 

Sugar Mills, Machinery &c. &c.

Wm. Mason & Co. Builders, Taunton, Mass.

Amoskeag Manufacturing Co. 

Outside Passenger Engine, 

Manchester, NH

Boston Locomotive Works 1854 Holmes Hinkley, 

Agent, No. 380 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Mass.

Locomotive for Passengers with Outside Cylinders. 

Built by the Lowell Machine Shop, 1852

Manchester Locomotive Works Manufacturers of 

Locomotives, Stationary Steam Engines and Tools

Locomotive Engine for Passengers as built by 

the Lowell Machine Shop, Lowell Mass. 1852

Portland Company's Passenger Engine, 1854. Portland, Maine

Lawrence Machine Shop, 
Lawrence, Mass. 
Passenger Engine 

'Abbott Lawrence', 22 Tons

Portland Company's, 

Passenger Locomotive, 

'Minnehaha', 1856

John Sparrow Superintendent

Taunton Locomotive 
Manf.g Co. Taunton Mass. 

William A Crocker, Treas.

Willard W Fairbanks, Agent

Wm. Mason, Taunton, Mass. 'Highland Light'

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"The locomotive industry emerged in mid-nineteenth-century America with the development and rapid expansion of the railroad network. As the number of locomotive manufacturers increased, the industry became intensely competitive, and builders vied with one another to capture the attention of railroad companies, officials, and agents. The first locomotive builders� prints were created in the late 1830s and �40s in response to this industry competition. These lithographic portraits of locomotives were soon considered to be essential to the manufacturers� promotion of their machines. Locomotive builders� prints differed from ordinary advertising prints or landscape views with picturesque trains. Instead, they were a unique type of print, a hybrid designed both to attract potential customers and to provide accurate technical information about locomotive engines and cars. [..] 

With the introduction of chromolithography in the 1840s and �50s, locomotive manufacturers began commissioning color prints of their engines. Early American locomotives were often painted and colorfully decorated; chromolithographic locomotive builders� prints offer a rare insight into the decorative designs, finishes, and materials favored by manufacturers. The use of color in the 1850s ushered in what has been called the golden age of the locomotive builders� prints. Larger in scale than the prints of the 1830s and early 1840s, they were composed of bold, opaque colors with glittering bronze and metallic powders. As locomotive manufacturers competed for the customer�s eye, lithographic artists began portraying locomotives in landscapes often with reference to the factories in which they were built. [..]

These lavish prints were much prized by locomotive manufacturers. [..] The November 8, 1856 issue of the Railroad Advocate stated that these prints were the �appropriate adornments for the offices of every variety of business connected with railroads; they are consulted by master mechanics and locomotive buyers; they are the master-pieces in the parlors of many engineers of good taste. . . .� The time and money invested in producing locomotive builders� prints indicates that they were not typical advertising ephemera. In fact, they were clearly designed as framing prints to be hung in railroad offices and depots, hotels, saloons, and parlors where they might seduce not only prospective buyers but the general traveling public as well."
[Excerpts from a web article by Catharina Slautterback, Curator of Prints & Photographs, Boston Athen�um]

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• The Locomotive Builders' Prints Collection is online at The Boston Athen�um [Digital Collection home-site)
• Boston and Albany Railroad Company and South Station (cyanotype photograph collection at The Boston Athen�um)
• Previously: Locomotive Drawings and, more broadly, machines.
• This post first appeared on the BibliOdyssey website.

Comet Sketches

The Comet Book ('Kometenbuch') 

is a 16th century album of

stylised watercolour sketches

of both comets and meteors

"The ancient Egyptians and Chaldeans [..] by a long Cour?e of Ob?ervations, were able to predict the Apparitions of Comets. But ?ince they are al?o ?aid, by Help of the ?ame Arts, to have progo?ticated Earthquakes and Tempe?ts, 'tis pa?t all Doubt, that their Knowledge in the?e Matters, was the Re?ult rather of meer A?trological Calculation, than of any A?tronomical Theories of the C�le?tial Motions.

And the Greeks, who were Conquerors of both tho?e People, ?carce found any other ?ort of Learning among?t them, than this. So that 'tis the Greeks them?elves as the Inventors (and e?pecially to the Great Hipparhchus) that we owe this A?tronomy, which is now improv'd to Such a Heighth.

But yet, among?t the?e, the Opinion of Ari?totle (who wou'd have Comets to be nothing el?e, but ?ublunary Vapours, or Airy Meteors) prevail'd So far, that this mo?t difficult part of the A?tronomical ?cience lay altogether neglected; for no Body thought it worth while to take Notice of, or write about, the Wandring uncertain Motions of what they e?teemed Vapours floating in the �ther; whence it came to pa?s, that nothing certain, concerning the Motions of the Comets, can be found tran?mitted from them to us.

But Seneca the Philo?opher, having con?ider'd the Phenomena of Two remarkable Comets of his Time, made no ?cruple to place them among?t the C�le?tial Bodies; believing them to be ?tars of equal Duration with the World, tho' he owns their Motions to be govern'd by Laws not as then known or found out. And at la?t (which was no untrue or vain Prediction) he foretells, that there ?hould be Ages ?ometime hereafter, to whom Time and Diligence ?hou'd unfold all the?e My?teries, and who ?hou'd wonder that the Ancients cou'd be ignorant of them, after ?ome lucky Interpreter of Nature had ?hewn, in what Parts of the Heavens the Comets wander'd, what, and how great they were. Yet almo?t all the A?tronomers differ'd from this Opinion of Seneca; neither did Seneca him?elf think fit to ?et down tho?e Ph�nomena of Motion, by which he was enabled to maintain his Opinion; Nor the Times of tho?e Appearances, which might be of u?e to Po?terity, in order to the Determining the?e Things.

And indeed, upon the Turning over very many Hi?tories of Comets, I find nothing at all that can be of ?ervice in this Affair, before, A.D. 1337. at which time Nicephorus Gregorus, a Con?tantinopolitan Hi?torian and A?tronomer did pretty accurately de?cribe the Path of a Comet among?t the Fix'd Stars, but was too laxe as to the Account of the Time; ?o that this mo?t doubtful and uncertain Comet, only de?erves to be in?erted in our Catalogue, for the ?ake of its appearing near 400 years ago."

'A Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets' IN: 'Miscellanea Curiosa: Containing a Collection of Some of the Principal Ph�nomena in Nature, Accounted for by the Greatest Philosophers of this Age..' Edited by Edmund Halley, 1708. [Harvard || GBooks || Amazon |||| long ?]

Domina capillorum (Sol)

Veru, ein Komet aus dem Jahre 69 n. Chr.

?Pertica orientalis und occidentalis

Scutella

Rosa

Miles

Gebea ou Tenaculum (Luna) aus der Zeit Kaiser Neros

Etoiles courants

Aczime aultrement Dominis Aschone (Merkur)

Aurora oder Matuta (Feuer)

Argentum im Zeichen des Jupiters

'Kometenbuch' was produced in Flanders or NE France in 1587. Two editions are known to exist; the other copy is owned by the Warburg Institute in London, and contains near-identical sketches, but has an extra chapter of writing. The names of the author and illustrator are unknown. The text would appear to reflect the rather outlandish, or at least exaggerated, qualities we see in the painted miniatures. In other words, the text purports to compile a history of comet science from ancient times up to the late Medieval period, but it does so in such a way that the emphasis is on 'popularising' the content. Early Modern pop-science, if you will. So what began as factual depictions of celestial phenomena, morphed into spectacular genre paintings.

The writing isn't so distorted that it masks the true origins, however. Our author incorrectly (or pretentiously) names Ptolemy as a source - but the papers cited in 'Kometenbuch' contain no reference to comets at all. Instead, it has been determined that the true source for the manuscript contents lies with an anonymous Spanish book, 'Liber de Significatione Cometarum', published in 1238. The 13th century book contained astrological and astronomical information and observations from ancient history and was translated into many languages; one edition in simplified French from the 15th century likely provided the 'Kometenbuch' author's foundation material.

The painting scenes tend to follow from the descriptions in the text; for instance, comet Aurora was said to trigger wars, fire, strong winds and the like, which is why the corresponding image depicts burning houses, fleeing people etc. The Miles comet is described as being "as big as a horse" and the harbinger of upheaval to laws, social norms and hard times for royalty: cryptically sketched as a man defecating beneath a sky filled by a giant-tailed comet (the tails were said to carry the 'effects' from the heavens), while a perplexed owl looks on from a tree.

Throughout history, the appearance of these beautiful and colourful comets has been regarded as significant events. In general, people held superstitious beliefs about comets and were convinced that they were bad omens and associated with the forces of dark magic or a sign of punishment to come from displeased Gods. Comets 'announced' that war, famine, pestilence and other consequences of sinful behaviour were on their way. This kind of religious punishment explanation of comets persisted up until the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, when the speculative literature (and illustrations!) gave way, over time, to a more scientific appreciation of the phenomena.

• 'Kometenbuch' 1587, is available online from Universit�tsbibliothek Kassel in Germany.
• The majority of writing above is paraphrased from a translated manuscript commentary/bibligraphy book^: 'Kasseler Handschriftensch�tze' c. 1985 by Hartmut Broszinski.
• I am, for the manyeth time, deeply grateful for the translational assistance provided by typographer-extraordinaire, Nina St�ssinger (@ninastoessinger). THANKS NINA!! Nina is studying again now, so if there's anybody out there who is very fluent in BOTH English AND German, and who wouldn't mind giving me some occasional translational assistance, please get in contact: gmail/peacay or @BibliOdyssey.
• Thanks also to Harvard Library's John Overholt.
• Previously: The Comet Book (includes more background links) and, in general: astronomy & astrology.
• Addit: never let it be said that I d/won't allow criticism to appear here (however factually incorrect it may be - they regard the details of the write-up here - with which they disagree - the fault of 'the blogger'. Perhaps they ought to read all these bullet points. My opinion doesn't really surface. A lot of work and a few people were responsible for producing this commentary which, as noted, is essentially a summarised translation.)
• This post first appeared on the BibliOdyssey website.